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Hahnemann & Homoeopathy

 
About Homeopathy   Hahnemann : The Discoverer   Homeopathy in India & its Struggle
 

What is Homeopathy?
The word ‘homeopathy’ is derived from two Greek words, ‘Homoes’ meaning similar and ‘pathos’ meaning suffering. Homeopathy simply means treating diseases with remedies, prescribed in minute doses, which are capable of producing symptoms similar to the disease when taken by healthy people. It is based on the natural law of healing-"Similia Similibus Curantur" which means "likes are cured by likes".

Origin:
Over 200 years ago, the German physician Dr. Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843) discovered the principle that what substance could cause in the way of symptoms it could also cure.
Hahnemann was struck by the effect that certain drugs, when taken by him while quite healthy, produced symptoms that the drug was known to cure in sick persons. For instance, when he took Cinchona Bark, which contains quinine, he became ill with symptoms that exactly mimicked intermittent fever (now called malaria). He wondered if the reason Cinchona worked against intermittent fever was because it caused symptoms indistinguishable from intermittent fever in a healthy human.
Hahnemann continued to experiment, noting that every substance he took, whether a herb, a mineral product or a chemical compound, produced definite distinct symptoms in him. He further noted that no two substances produced exactly the same set of symptoms. Each provoked its own unique pattern of symptoms. Furthermore the symptoms were not just confined to the physical plane. Every substance tested also affected the mind and the emotions apart from the body.
Eventually, Hahnemann began to treat the sick on the formula ‘let likes be treated by likes’. From the outset he achieved outstanding clinical success.

Concepts and Principle

Law of Similars:
It is also called the Law of Cure. This law demonstrates that the selected remedy is able to produce a range of symptoms in a healthy person similar to that observed in the patient, thus leading to the principle of Simila Similibus Curentur i.e let likes be treated by likes. To give a simple example the effects of peeling an onion are very similar to the symptoms of acute cold. The remedy prepared from the red onion, Allium cepa, is used to treat the type of cold in which the symptoms resemble those we get from peeling onion. The principle has verified by millions of homoeopaths all over the world.

Single Remedy:
homeopathic medicines are always administered in single, simple unadulterated form.

Minimum Dose:
The similar remedy selected for a sick is prescribed in a minimum dose, so that when administered there are no toxic effects on the body. It just acts as a triggering and catalytic agent to stimulate and strengthen the existing defense mechanism of the body. For this medicines are prepared in a special way known as Drug dynamisation or Potentisation. Drug dynamisation involves trituration for solid substances and succussion for liquid substances. Drugs prepared in such a way retain maximum medicinal power without producing any toxic effects on the body,

Holistic as well as Individualistic approach:
This is a key point and unique to homeopathy. Even though it may sound strange, homeopathy does not treat disease per se. A Homoeopath does not concentrate his therapy on, say arthritis or bronchitis or cancer. In other words he does not limit his treatment to painful joints, in inflamed bronchi or a malignant growth. Rather, he treats all aspects mental, emotional and physical of the person who happens to be suffering with arthritis or bronchitis or cancer. homeopathy regards each patient as a unique individual e.g. six persons with hepatitis might get a different homeopathic remedy, each one aimed at the individual’s totality of symptoms rather than at his liver alone. The physicians interest is not only to alleviate the patients present symtoms but also his long term will being.

Vital Force:
Dr. Hahnemann discovered that the human body is endowed with a force which reacts against the inimical forces which produce disease. It becomes deranged during illness and the best selected homeopathic remedies stimulate this failing vital force so that, as Hahnemann said "it can again take the reins and conduct the system on way to health".

Miasms:
Psora, Syphilis and Sycosis are the three fundamental causes of all chronic diseases which afflict the human race as discovered by. Dr. Hahnemann and called them miasms. This word is derived form Greek word miainein meaning’ to pollute’. Psora is present from the beginning to end of life and is the root cause of most of the diseases.

Drug Proving:

To apply drugs for therapeutic use, their curative powers should be known. The proving of the drug is the method employed to know these powers and is unique to homeopathy as they are proved on healthy human beings. The symptoms thus known are the true record of the curative properties of a drug or the pathogenesis of a drug.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
 
   
Christian Friedrich Samuel HAHNEMANN
(1755-1843, Germany, France)
 
Samuel Hahnemann is the founder of homeopathy. This outstanding scholar was born in Meissen, Saxony (now part of Germany), on 10th April 1755, into an impoverished middle-class family during Frederick the Great's Seven Years War. He was taught to read and write by both parents and credits his father with instilling "good and worthy" ideas into his mind. He was taught early by his father never to learn passively but to question everything.
Hahnemann pursued his studies vigorously throughout his boyhood and became a gifted linguist, proficient in German, English, French, Italian, Greek, Hebrew, Latin and Arabic. Towards the end of his teens he developed an interest in the sciences and medicine in particular. He eventually trained as a doctor, studying at Leipzig and Vienna before finally qualifying at Erlangen in 1779.
In 1782, at the age of 27, Hahnemann married Johanna Henriette Kuchler, the daughter of an apothecary. They ultimately produced a family of 11 children - 9 daughters and 2 sons. Hahnemann became a Medical Doctor in 1781 and practiced conventional medicine. During the early years of the marriage he derived his income from a combination of medical practise and the translation of medical and scientific texts. Once in practice, Hahnemann became disillusioned with the medical practises of the day.
Over the first 10 years of his practice Hahnemann resorted to treating patients as far as possible by diet and exercise, using a minimum of drugs and other harmful practises. By 1790, he felt he could no longer continue to even do this and gave up his practice all-together. In latter years he wrote: "My sense of duty would not easily allow me to treat the unknown pathological state of my suffering brethren with these unknown medicines…The thought of becoming in this way a murderer or malefactor towards the life of my fellow human beings was most terrible to me, so terrible and disturbing that I wholly gave up my practice in the first years of my married life … and occupied myself solely with chemistry and writing." (Haehl, Reprint 1992, Vol 1, p.64). Also: "After the discovery of the weakness and misconceptions of my teachers and my books I sank into a state of morbid indignation, which might almost have completely vitiated for me the study of medical knowledge I was about to believe that the whole science was of no avail and incapable of improvement. I gave myself up to my own individual cognitions and determined to fix no goal for my considerations until I should have arrived at a decisive conclusion." (Dudgeon, 1993 Reprint, p. 410).
For some time Hahnemann lived in considerable poverty with his wife and children, earning a living from writing and translation alone. He is described by a friend of that period as living with his family in a single room divided by a curtain, pursuing his own investigations by day and staying up every second night to do translation work to provide food for his family. Hahnemann first stumbled across the phenomena that he was later to call the homœopathic action of drugs in the year that he gave up his practice. When translating A Treatise on the Materia Medica by the Edinburgh physician, William Cullen, he read that the drug cinchona (china or quinine) was effective in the treatment of malaria because it was bitter and astringent and had a toning effect on the stomach. Hahnemann was not satisfied by this statement for, if it were true, then all bitter, astringent substances should likewise be effective in the treatment of malaria, and they were not.
Hahnemann decided to experiment with the effects of cinchona upon himself and discovered that the side-effects, or symptoms, that it produced in him were similar to the symptoms of malaria. He subsequently speculated that the curative action of the drug may lie in the similarity of the symptoms of the malarial disease and the symptoms able to be produced by the drug. Thus the first homeopathic proving, and the discovery of the first law of homeopathy: Similia similibus curentur, or "like cures like". Hahnemann named this newfound therapy "Homeo" (similar) "pathy" (suffering). As a result, he began to test other drugs of the day, such as belladonna, camphor, and aconitum, to study the symptoms that they produced. On the results of these experiments, he began to think seriously about a new medical principle, the principle of cure by similars but his methods were met with disbelief and ridicule by his contemporaries.
Although his patients were experiencing profound cures which solidly verified his theories, Hahnemann was marked as an outcast because his method of single and minimum dosage was threatening the financial foundation of the powerful apothecaries. Hahnemann focused on reducing the dose to the point where there were no side effects but he was unsatisfied because this step further rendered the dose insufficient in strength to act. He experimented with a new method whereby after each dilution he would shake the substance vigorously. This he called "succussion" thus developing the energetic aspect of homeopathy. It is unknown how Hahnemann reasoned this (still scientifically unexplainable) method of "potentization".
In 1810, Hahnemann published the first of six editions of The Organon which clearly defined his homeopathic philosophy. In the same year, 80,000 men were killed when Napoleon attacked Liepzig. Hahnemann's homeopathic treatment of the survivors, and also of the victims of the great typhus epidemic that followed the siege, was highly successful and further spread his, and homeopathy's, reputation. Hahnemann taught at the Liepzig University where his lectures would often shift into sharp tongued diatribes against the dangerous practices of conventional medicine, thus nicknamed "Raging Hurricane" by his students. By 1821 Hahnemann had proven sixty-six remedies and published his Materia Medica Pura in six volumes. In 1831, Cholera swept through Central Europe. Hahnemann published papers on the homeopathic treatment of the disease and instigated the first widespread usage of homeopathy which had a 96% cure rate as compared to allopathy's 41% rate.
In 1834 Hahnemann met the avant-garde Parisian, Mademoiselle Marie Melanie d'Hervilly. They were married (his second marriage, her first) within six months, and settled in Paris. In spite of the fact he was more than twice her age, they remained very intimate, she working by his side in his active practice until July 2, 1843 when Hahnemann died, in Paris, at the age of eighty-eight.
Brief View of Life of Dr.Hahnemann
1755 Removal to Leipzig
1767-1770 The young Samuel Hahnemann attends the Grammar School in Meissen
1770-1775 He attends the Meissen Prince's School of St. Afra
1775-1776 Study of Medicine at Leipzig
1776 Studies for one semester at Vienna University, followed by assistantship under Joseph Quarin, Physician-in-Ordinary to the Empress Maria Theresia (Hahnemann: "To Quarin I owe everything which may be called physician about my person")
1777-1779 Private physician and librarian
1780 Hahnemann settles down and sets up for the first time a practice in Hettstedt (Saxony) as a physician
1781 Practice pharmaceutical training at the "Mohren-Apotheke" in Dessau
1782 Marriage to Henriette Küchler, adopted daughter of the owner of the "Mohren-Apotheke": eleven children issued from this unionHahnemann accepts a physician's practice at Gommern (Saxony)
1784 Stay at Dresden, principally for work in the medical/chemical field: first independent publication, entitled "Directions for the Complete Cure of Old Wounds and Indolent Ulcers"
1786 Publication "On Arsenic Poisoning"
1789 Removal to Leipzig
1790 Hahnemann translates Cullen's "Materia Medica" from the English original Trials with Cinchona (Pennian Bark) by self-experimentation As a result, Hahnemann initiates a series of trials on different drugs
1793-1799 Publication of the "Apotheker-Lexikon" (drug index and handbook for apothecaries)
1793-1801 Hahnemann moves successively through various German towns, including Göttingen, Brunswick, Wolfenbüttel, Altona, Hamburg, Mölln
1796 First definition of the Simile Principle (Similia similibus curentur) in an essay in Hufeland's Journal entitled "Essay on a new Principle for Ascertaining the Curative Powers of Drugs and Some Examinations of the Previous Principles": this makes 1796 the year of the birth of homeopathy
1801-1803 Practice in Eilenburg
1803-1804 Practice in Wittenberg and Dessau
1805-1811 Practice in Torgau
1805 "Fragmenta de viribus medicamentorum positivis in sane corpore observatis" (Notes on the positive powers of drugs observed in the healthy body--a summary of Hahnemann's experience with the drugs personally tested up to that time). Publication of "Aeskulap auf der Wagschale" (Aesculapius in the Balance)
1806 Hahnemann published his "Medicine of Experience" (viewed as the precursor of his Organon)
1810 "Organon der rationellen Heilkunde" (Organon of rational Healing), in later editions entitled the "Organon of the Healing Art"
1811-1821 Hahnemann in Leipzig.On June 26, 1812, he submits his dissertation for a professorship with the title "Dissertatio historico-medica de Helleborismo veterum": he starts his lectures in the Winter Semester of 1812. "Reine Arzneimittellehre", (Materia Medica Pura), 6 volumes
1821-1835 Medical activities as a physician in Köthen. He is elected Privy Councillor by Duke Ferdinand of Anhalt-Köthen in May 1822, thus becoming Physician-in-Ordinary to the Ducal Court
1828 The first edition of "Chronic Diseases" appears (final edition in 5 volumes)
1829 Foundation of the German Central Society of homeopathic Physicians (Deutscher Zentralverein homöopathischer Ärzte)
1830 Death of Hahnemann's first wife.Cholera epidemic starts reaching Europe. Above all Hahnemann recognizes (a premonition of later bacteriological discoveries) the agency of "the most minute animals of a low order"
1832 Foundation of the General homeopathic Journal (Allgemeine Homöopathische Zeitung)--the oldest German medicaljournal still appearing periodically
1835 Hahnemann's marriage with Melanie d'Hervilly and removal to Paris; he starts practising as a physician
1843  Hahnemann dies on July 2 and is buried in the cemetery of Montmartre, his remains later being removed to the famous Père Lachaise Cemetery. 
Homeopathy in India & its Struggle
Homeopathy in India
(Its legal acceptance & Establishment as a recognised system of medicine)

"In the treasury of nature, there are many Gems; those only are worth carrying away, which we know how to set"                                                           --Honigberger

   

Dr John Martin HONIGBURGER (1795-1869)

He was a Hahnemann's student and he took, in 1829, Homeopathy to India starting its development in that country.
Book:
Materia Medica - A Medium System Approach (2 Vols.)

The history of homeopathy in India is linked with the name of Dr. Honigberger, a French man who brought homeopathy to India. He was attached to the Court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He arrived at Lahore in 1829-1830 and was later invited to treat Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab, who happened to be seriously ill ailing from Paralysis of vocal cord with swelling of feet and native physicians were unable to improve his health in 1839. Dr. Honigberger later on went to Calcutta and started practice there, where he was chiefly known as the 'Cholera Doctor'.
This therapeutic system came to be practiced in India during the life time of Dr. Hahnemann, the father of homeopathy, when a German Physician and Geologist came to India round about 1810 for geological investigations and remained for some time in Bengal where he distributed homeopathic medicine to the people.
Dr. Mahendra Lal Sircar, was the first qualified physician in India who was inspired by the favour of lay-homoeopath Babu Rajen Datta, who himself practiced homeopathy and treated successfully many patients, some of whom were distinguished men of the time such as Pandit Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, Raja Radha Kanta Deb Bahadur. Later Dr. Mahendra Lal Sircar was instrumental in spreading the prestige and fame of homeopathy far and wide in India. Ultimately more and more people started taking homeopathic treatment for various diseases.
Legislative Support
Because of its popularity, there had been demand for a long time for recognition of homeopathy as a system of Medicine by the Government of India. In April, 1937 Md. Ghias-ud-idin, M.L.A., moved a resolution in the Legislative Assembly for the recognition of homeopathy. The resolution was passed and forwarded to the State Governments for its implementation and Bengal was the first province to constitute a Homeopathic State Faculty in 1943.
After the formation of National Government on 17th February, 1948 Shri Satis Chandra Samanta, M.P. (West Bengal) moved a resolution for consideration by the constituent-Asssemby of India which run as follows -
"This Assembly is of opinion that homeopathic system of treatment be recognized by the Indian Union and that a General Council and a State Faculty of homeopathic Medicine be established at once."

In moving his resolution Shri Samanta advanced the following arguments in support of his resolution namely -
i. The system of medicine known as homeopathy had been recognized by countries like Germany, France, England and America and also by certain Provinces and States in India, such as Bengal, the United Provinces and others.

ii. The system had been found to be efficacious and treatment thereunder was very cheap. it was, therefore, ideal for adoption in a poor agricultural country like India.

iii. State recognition and control would ensure proper scientific training of those who might practise the system and put an end to quacks and quackery thereby remove risk to life of people treated thereunder.
An amended resolution was moved by Shri Mohan Lal Saxena, Member of Parliament (UP) in the following terms.
"In view of the fact that treatment by the system of homeopathy is restored to by many people, this Assembly is of the opinion that the Government should consider
a. the making of arrangements for the teaching of homeopathy;
b. the advisability of having Post Graduate Courses of study; and
c. the advisability of regulating the profession and arranging for the registration of practitioners in order to raise and maintain uniformity of standards."
This resolution was unanimously adopted and subsequently the Government of India appointed a homeopathic Enquiry Committee in 1948, and Committee submitted a report in 1949. This Committee recommended that Central Council of homeopathic Medicine should be established. Besides, the provincial homeopathic Council should also be established.
homeopathic Advisory Committee                                                                  Go Top

In 1952, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, the then Union Health Minister appointed a homeopathic Ad-hoc Committee which functioned upto 1954. Later on the same Committee was designated as the homeopathic Advisory Committee with the Director General of Health Services as its Chairman. In 1956, this Advisory Committee was taken over by the Ministry of Health and Secretary in the Ministry of Health became its first Chairman. The homeopathic Advisory Committee recommended the appointment of an Honorary homeopathic Adviser in 1960 and Dr. K.G. Saxena was appointed first Honorary homeopathic Adviser to the Government of India in 1962. This Committee also recommended the constitution of a Central Council of homeopathy. A special panel of Planning Commission of Indian Systems of Medicine and homeopathy endorsed this recommendation in 1952, 1956 and 1966. The Central Council of Health comprising of the State Health Ministers recommended in 1965 that the Central Council of Indian Systems of Medicine may be set up as early as possible to lay down and regulate the standards of education, examination and practice in Ayurveda, Unani and homeopathy.
Towards A Separate Council
Various All India and State homeopathic Associations had also been supporting the formation of Central Council of homeopathy in various Congresses. The Central Council ofHealth, therefore, constituted a Sub-Committee in October, 1967 with Pandit Shiv Sharma the Chairman to look into the details of the proposed legislation.
Accordingly, the Bill for Indian Medicine and homeopathy Central Council was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on 17-12-1968
A joint Committee of Parliament considered the Bill. The exponents of homeopathy and also the experts of the three systems of Indian Medicine, viz., Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha represented before the committee that the basic concepts of Indian Medicine were different from the fundamentals of homeopathy and, therefore, a separate Council of homeopathy was needed. For the proper growth and development of all the four systems, the Committee recommended two separate independent Central Councils, one for all the three systems of Indian Medicine and the other for homeopathy. The Committee amended the Bill suitably so as to make provisions for a composite Central Council for the three Indian Systems deleting references to homeopathy. The Committee also recommended for preparation of a separate Bill for homeopathy and drafted a Bill on similar lines for introduction in Parliament.
Accordingly, The homeopathic Central Council Bill was drafted and was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on 3rd April, 1972. Shri Jagdish Prasad Mathur, Member of Parliament moved a motion in the Rajya Sabha for reference of the Bill to another Joint Committee of both the houses and adopted by the House on the same day which is resolved as under -
"That the Bill to provide for the constitution of a Central Council of homeopathy and for matters connected therewith be referred to a Joint Committee of the Houses consiting of 45 members; 15 members from this House namely:
1. Sh. Sasankasekhar Sanyal 8. Sh. T.K. Srinivasan
2. Sh. Bhupinder Singh 9. Sh. K.C. Panda
3. Sh. N.G. Goray 10. Sh. Manubhai Shah
4. Sh. K. Nagappa Alva 11. Sh. Sultan Singh
5. Sh. Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya 12. Sh. N.P. Chaudhari
6. Sh. Sitaram Kesri 13. Sh. T.G. Deshmukh
7. Sh. Man Singh Varma 14. Smt. Savita Behen
15. Smt. Purabi Mukhopadhyay
and 30 members from the Lok Sabha;
that in order to constitute a meeting of the Joint Committee the quorum shall be one-third of the total number of members of the Joint Com mittee;
that in other respects, the Rules of Procedure of this House relating to Select Committees shall apply with such variations and modifications as the Chairman may make;
that the Committee shall make a report to this House by the first day of the Eighty first Session; and
that this House recommends to the Lok Sabha that the Lok Sabha do join in the said Joint Committee and communicate to this House the names of member to be appointed by the Lok Sabha to the Joint Committee."
Subsequently following motion in Lok Sabha was passed :-
"That this House do concur in the recommendation of Rajya Sabha that the House do join in the Joint Committee of the Houses on the Bill to provide for the constitution of a Central Council of homeopathy and the maintenance of a Central Register of homeopathy and for matters connected therewith, made in the motion adopted by Rajya Sabha at its sitting held on the 3rd April, 1972 and communicated to this House on the 4th April, 1972 and to resolve that the following 30 Members of Lok Sabha be nominated to serve on the said Joint Committee, namely -
1. Shri Ziaur Ansari 16. Shri Mallikarjun
2. Shri Vidya Dhar Bajpai 17. Shri Prasannbhai Mehta
3. Shri Kushok Bakula 18. Shri N. Sreekantan Nair
4. Shri Muhammed Khuda Bukhsh 19. Dr. Laxminarayan Pandeya
5. Shri A.M. Chellachemi 20. Shri Janaki Ballav Patnaik
6. Shri Bhaoosahaib Dhamankar 21. Shri S.L. Peje
7. Shri Hiralal Doda 22. Shri Maulana Ishaque Sambhali
8. Shri Nageshwar Dwivedi 23. Shri M. Satyanarayan Rao
9. Shri Pampan Gowda 24. Shri Umed Singh Rathia
10. Shri Madhuryya Haldar 25. Shri K. Ramakrishna Reddy
11. Shri Chiranjib Jha 26. Dr. Sankata Prasad
12. Shri Popatlal M. Joshi 27. Shri Awdhesh Chandra Singh
13. Shri Ramachandran Kadannappalli 28. Shri Ram Deo Singh
14. Shri B.R. Kavade 29. Shri Rana Bahadur Singh
15. Shri T.S. Lakshmanan 30. Shri A.K. Kisku."
Joint Committee comprising of 45 members of both the Houses worked under the Chairmanship of Smt. Purabi MukhopadhaYaY, Member of Parliament (West Bengal).
Dr. Jugal Kishore, Advisor in homeopathy, Shri P.V. Hariharsankaran, Deputy Secretary and Dr. D.P. Rastogi, Research OMicer, from Ministry of Health and Family Planning; Shri M.S. Panigrahi, Deputy Secretary, Shri M.K. Jain, Under Secretary for the Secretariate, Shri P.L. Gupta, Additional Legislative Counsel, Smt. V.S. Rama Devi, Deputy Legislative Counsel were actively associated with the said Joint Committee of Parliament.
To facilitate the Committee 5 different questionaries were issued to Private homeopathic Practitioners, Professional Associations, homeopathic Institutions, State homeopathic Boards/Councils and the State Governments to elicit replies to the specific points contained in those questionaries.
100 of memorandum containing views, comments and suggestions and replies to questionaries from 248 individuals, professional associations, institutions, State Board/ Councils and State Governments on various provisions of the Bill were received by the Committee. The said Committee visited various homeopathic Medical Colleges in the country and heard the homeopathic doctors, representatives of the concerned organisations.
On the 8th March, 1973 the Committee in its 26th Meeting considered the draft report and adopted the Bill with some amendment. In the preamble of the Bill following were included--
"a few States have constituted State Boards or Councils either by legislation or by executive orders, for the purpose of registration of practitioners in homeopathy as well as recognition of medical qualifications in homeopathy. There is, however, no Central Legislation for the regulation of practice or for minimum standards of training and conduct of examination in the system of medicine on all India basis. A Statutory Central Council on the lines of the Medical Council of India of the modern system of medicine is a prerequisite for the proper growth of development of homeopathy.
The main functions of the Central Council of homeopathy would be to evolve uniform standards of education in homeopathy and the registration of practitioners of homeopathy. The registration of practitioners on the Central Register of homeopathy will ensure that medicine is not practised by those who are not qualified in this system, and those who practise, observe a code of ethics in the profession. The Bill is intended to achieve these objectives".
-(Gazette of India, 1-12-1971, Pt. II, S.2, Ext., p. 837)
Thereafter the homeopathic Central Council Bill as recommended by the Joint Committee was passed by both the houses of Parliament and was given assent to by the President of India on 17TH DECEMBER, 1973.

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